How is a secondary dominant used for modulation?

In the realm of music theory, the concept of modulation refers to a deliberate shift from one key to another within a musical composition. Modulation is a powerful tool that composers use to add variety and interest to their music. One common technique used for modulation is the utilization of secondary dominants.

Definition




A secondary dominant is a dominant chord that functions as the dominant of a chord in a key other than the current key. It is often notated as V/V, where the first V represents the secondary dominant and the second V represents the chord it resolves to. For example, in the key of C major, the secondary dominant of the dominant chord (G major) would be D major (V/V).

Function
The primary function of a secondary dominant is to create a temporary shift in tonality, preparing the listener for a modulation to a new key. It achieves this by generating a strong sense of tension that is subsequently resolved when it resolves to the target chord in the new key. The use of a secondary dominant adds harmonic interest and serves as a musical signpost, guiding the listener towards the upcoming modulation.

Pivot Chord
A pivotal element in the use of secondary dominants is the concept of a pivot chord. The secondary dominant chord acts as a pivot chord, meaning it functions in both the original key and the new key. By utilizing a chord that exists in both keys, the modulation feels smoother and more seamless. The shared chord serves as a bridge between the two tonalities, facilitating the transition from one key to another.

Progression




To modulate using a secondary dominant, composers typically follow these steps:

	
Begin with a progression in the original key.
	
Introduce the secondary dominant chord of the target key's tonic. This chord creates a sense of tension and expectation.
	
Resolve the tension by playing the tonic of the target key, establishing the modulation.


String of Secondary Dominants
In addition to using a single secondary dominant, composers can employ a string of secondary dominants to achieve a more pronounced modulation. This technique involves using the dominant chord of the secondary dominant as a pivot chord. By doing so, the sense of tonal shift is further strengthened, leading to a more dramatic and noticeable change in key.

In conclusion, secondary dominants are a valuable tool for composers seeking to modulate between keys. They provide a sense of tension and resolution, guiding the listener from one tonality to another. By understanding the definition, function, and application of secondary dominants, composers can effectively utilize this technique to create captivating and harmonically rich musical compositions.

Sources:

	
"https://theoryandsound.com/modulation/">Changing Keys with Modulation - Theory and Sound
	
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50325/how-is-a-secondary-dominant-used-for-modulation">Chords - How is a secondary dominant used for modulation? - Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange
	
"https://www.youngcomposers.com/t11931/secondary-dominants-and-modulation/">Secondary dominants and modulation - Advice and Techniques - Young Composers

FAQs

What is a secondary dominant?

A secondary dominant is a dominant chord that functions as the dominant of a chord in a key other than the current key. It is often notated as V/V, where the first V represents the secondary dominant and the second V represents the chord it resolves to.

How does a secondary dominant contribute to modulation?

A secondary dominant is used to create a temporary shift in tonality, preparing the listener for a modulation to a new key. It generates a sense of tension that is resolved when it resolves to the target chord in the new key, facilitating the modulation.

What is the role of a pivot chord in modulation with secondary dominants?

A pivot chord is a chord that exists in both the original key and the new key. In modulation using secondary dominants, the secondary dominant chord serves as a pivot chord. By utilizing a shared chord, the modulation feels smoother and more seamless.

Can a secondary dominant be used to modulate back to the original key?

While the primary function of a secondary dominant is to modulate to a new key, it is also possible to use a secondary dominant to create variation within the original key. By resolving the secondary dominant back to the original tonic, composers can add harmonic interest without necessarily modulating to a new key.

What is the typical progression for modulating using a secondary dominant?

The typical progression for modulating using a secondary dominant involves a few steps:

• • Begin with a progression in the original key.

• • Introduce the secondary dominant chord of the target key’s tonic.

• • Resolve the tension by playing the tonic of the target key, establishing the modulation.

Can a string of secondary dominants be used for a more pronounced modulation?

Yes, it is possible to use a string of secondary dominants to create a more noticeable modulation. By using the dominant chord of the secondary dominant as a pivot chord, the sense of tonal shift is further strengthened, resulting in a more dramatic modulation.

Are secondary dominants commonly used in specific music genres or styles?

Secondary dominants are commonly used in various music genres and styles, including classical, jazz, and popular music. They provide a powerful tool for composers and musicians to add harmonic interest, tension, and modulation in their compositions.

Can secondary dominants be used in both major and minor keys?

Yes, secondary dominants can be used in both major and minor keys. The concept of a secondary dominant applies regardless of the key, and it can be used to modulate to different keys, whether they are major or minor.