The Search for the Definition of Piety in Plato’s Euthyphro

Plato’s dialogue, Euthyphro, presents a philosophical discussion between Socrates and Euthyphro regarding the meaning and nature of piety. The dialogue explores various definitions proposed by Euthyphro and the challenges posed by Socrates. While the dialogue does not provide a definitive answer, it offers valuable insights into the complexities of defining piety.

Euthyphro’s Initial Definition: “What the Gods Love”

Euthyphro begins by defining piety as “what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is impious.” This definition suggests that piety is determined by the unanimous approval of the gods. However, Socrates questions the comprehensiveness of this definition. He seeks a deeper understanding of piety that goes beyond a mere consensus among the gods.

The Challenge of Defining What is “Dear to the Gods”

In response to Socrates’ inquiry, Euthyphro proposes that piety is “what is dear to the gods.” However, Socrates raises important questions regarding the criteria for determining what is considered dear to the gods. He challenges the assumption that all the gods have the same preferences and asks whether their individual opinions align on matters of piety.

Piety as “That Which is Pleasing to All of the Gods”

Euthyphro modifies his definition and suggests that piety is “that which is pleasing to all of the gods.” He argues that all the gods would agree that certain actions, such as murder, are impious. However, Socrates continues to probe further, pointing out that different gods may have differing opinions and preferences. He emphasizes the need for a definition that encompasses all instances of piety, rather than relying on individual gods’ preferences.

The Relationship Between Piety and Justice

Socrates and Euthyphro also discuss the relationship between piety and justice. Euthyphro proposes that piety is a part of justice that pertains to the gods, while another part of justice attends to humans. However, Socrates challenges the notion of “attending” to the gods, seeking a clearer understanding of how piety relates to justice and how it differentiates itself within the realm of moral virtues.

The Lack of a Definitive Conclusion

It is important to note that the dialogue does not reach a definitive conclusion on the definition of piety. Instead, it serves as an exploration of different ideas and perspectives on the subject. The back-and-forth between Socrates and Euthyphro highlights the complexity of defining piety and the challenges of reaching a universally agreed-upon definition.

Conclusion

Plato’s Euthyphro engages readers in a fascinating dialogue concerning the nature of piety. Through various definitions proposed by Euthyphro and the probing questions of Socrates, the dialogue underscores the complexities and nuances involved in defining piety. While no definitive answer is reached, the dialogue encourages readers to question and critically examine their own understanding of piety.

Sources

1. Euthyphro. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www2.oberlin.edu/faculty/mwallace/Euthyprho.html
2. Euthyphro Summary and Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/e/euthyphro-apology-crito-and-phaedo/summary-and-analysis/euthyphro
3. Socrates’ Dialogue with Euthyphro – Words of Wisdom: Intro to Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/introphil/chapter/euthyphro/

FAQs

What is the initial definition of piety proposed by Euthyphro?

Euthyphro initially defines piety as “what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is impious.”

How does Socrates challenge Euthyphro’s initial definition?

Socrates questions the comprehensiveness of Euthyphro’s definition and seeks a deeper understanding of piety that goes beyond the unanimous approval of the gods.

What alternative definition does Euthyphro suggest?

Euthyphro suggests that piety is “what is dear to the gods.”

What questions does Socrates raise regarding the definition of what is “dear to the gods”?

Socrates challenges the assumption that all the gods have the same preferences and questions whether their individual opinions align on matters of piety.

How does Euthyphro modify his definition of piety?

Euthyphro proposes that piety is “that which is pleasing to all of the gods.”

How does Socrates respond to Euthyphro’s modified definition?

Socrates raises the issue of different gods having different opinions and preferences, highlighting the need for a definition that encompasses all instances of piety, rather than relying on individual gods’ preferences.

What is the relationship between piety and justice discussed in the dialogue?

Euthyphro suggests that piety is a part of justice that pertains to the gods, while another part of justice attends to humans. Socrates questions the notion of “attending” to the gods and seeks a clearer understanding of how piety relates to justice.

Does the dialogue reach a definitive conclusion on the definition of piety?

No, the dialogue does not reach a definitive conclusion on the definition of piety. Instead, it serves as an exploration of different ideas and perspectives on the subject.