The Form of Mozart Symphony No. 40

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, composed in 1788, is a renowned work in the classical repertoire. This article explores the form of Symphony No. 40 and its notable characteristics.

Background

Symphony No. 40 is sometimes referred to as the “Great G minor symphony” to distinguish it from Mozart’s “Little G minor symphony,” No. 25. It is one of only two minor key symphonies composed by Mozart that have survived. Mozart completed this symphony on July 25, 1788, during an exceptionally productive period in which he also composed his 39th and 41st symphonies. The symphony exists in two versions, one with parts for a pair of clarinets and one without.

Structure and Movements

Symphony No. 40 follows the traditional four-movement structure commonly found in classical symphonies. It is scored for flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and strings.

1. Molto Allegro (Fast)

   The symphony opens with the Molto Allegro movement. It begins with an accompaniment figure played by the lower strings before introducing the first theme. This movement is characterized by its energetic and passionate nature, with rapid and lively passages.

2. Andante (Slow)

   The second movement, Andante, provides a contrast to the first movement with its slower tempo. It features a somber and introspective melody, initially performed by the violas and later joined by the second violins. The winds contribute delicate coloration, and a steady pulsating rhythm is maintained throughout.

3. Menuetto (Minuet)

   The third movement, Menuetto, maintains the dark emotions established in the previous movements. In contrast to the usual courtly or light character of minuets, Mozart sustains tension in this movement. The main theme is accented and brusque, reflecting a departure from the elegant and refined style associated with minuets. The trio section briefly offers a lyrical release in the sunny G major tonality before returning to the prevailing tension of G minor.

4. Finale: Allegro Assai (Fast)

   The final movement, marked Allegro Assai, is characterized by its violent and explosive personality. It opens with a bouncing triadic theme outlined by a simple chord. The orchestra introduces rushing motifs that interrupt the orderly nature of the theme. A contrasting second theme emerges but is quickly overtaken by a turbulent development section. Mozart’s skillful use of polyphonic textures and complex writing creates coiling and convulsive patterns. The movement concludes with a recapitulation that mirrors the initial stress and agitation, maintaining control through classical architectural principles.

Conclusion

Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 in G minor is a masterpiece of the classical era. Its form adheres to the traditional four-movement structure, consisting of a fast opening movement, a slow second movement, a minuet as the third movement, and a fast and dramatic finale. The symphony showcases Mozart’s skillful composition techniques, combining expressive melodies, dynamic contrasts, and intricate textures to create a work of enduring beauty and impact.

Sources:

• Todd Tarantino: http://www.toddtarantino.com/hum/symphony40.html
• Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)
• Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra: https://www.indianapolissymphony.org/backstage/program-notes/mozart-symphony-no-40/

FAQs

What is the structure of Mozart Symphony No. 40?

The structure of Mozart Symphony No. 40 follows the traditional four-movement form commonly found in classical symphonies. It consists of four movements: Molto Allegro (fast), Andante (slow), Menuetto (minuet), and Finale: Allegro assai (fast).

How many minor key symphonies did Mozart compose?

Mozart composed only two symphonies in a minor key that have survived. Symphony No. 40 in G minor is one of them.

Are there different versions of Symphony No. 40?

Yes, Symphony No. 40 exists in two versions. One version includes parts for a pair of clarinets, while the other version does not.

What is the character of the first movement in Symphony No. 40?

The first movement of Symphony No. 40, Molto Allegro, is characterized by its energetic and passionate nature. It begins with an accompaniment figure played by the lower strings before introducing the first theme.

How does the second movement of Symphony No. 40 differ from the first?

The second movement, Andante, provides a contrast to the fast-paced first movement with its slower tempo. It features a somber and introspective melody performed by the violas and second violins.

What makes the Menuetto in Symphony No. 40 unique?

The Menuetto in Symphony No. 40 deviates from the usual light and courtly character of minuets. It maintains the dark emotions established in the previous movements, featuring accented and brusque themes that create tension.

How would you describe the character of the finale in Symphony No. 40?

The finale of Symphony No. 40, marked Allegro Assai, is characterized by its violent and explosive personality. It exhibits rushing motifs, turbulent development sections, and polyphonic textures that create a sense of agitation and intensity.

What are the instruments used in Symphony No. 40?

Symphony No. 40 is scored for flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and strings.