Why is it called the Italian Symphony?

The Italian Symphony, also known as Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 90, is a renowned orchestral work composed by Felix Mendelssohn. It is called the “Italian Symphony” because it was specifically intended to evoke the sights and sounds of Italy. Mendelssohn’s deep love for Italy served as the primary inspiration for this symphony, and he sought to capture the essence of the country’s vibrant culture and musical traditions.

Inspiration from Mendelssohn’s Tour of Italy

Mendelssohn’s tour of Italy from 1829 to 1831 played a crucial role in shaping the Italian Symphony. During his time in Italy, Mendelssohn made sketches and notes, capturing the impressions and experiences he encountered. The beauty of Italy, its art, and its climate left a lasting impact on Mendelssohn, who referred to Italy as “the supreme joy in life.” He drew upon these memories and impressions when composing the symphony, infusing it with the spirit and charm of the Italian landscape.

The Composition and Premiere

Mendelssohn completed the Italian Symphony in Berlin on March 13, 1833. The composition was a response to an invitation from the London Philharmonic Society, which commissioned the work. Mendelssohn conducted the first performance of the symphony himself in London on May 13, 1833, to great acclaim.

Structure of the Italian Symphony

The Italian Symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and strings. It consists of four movements:

1. First Movement: The opening movement is a joyful and exuberant piece in sonata form. It captures the lively spirit of an Italian urban scene, evoking a sense of energy and excitement.
2. Second Movement: The second movement depicts a religious procession in Naples. It is set in the subdominant minor key of D minor and conveys a solemn and reverent atmosphere.
3. Third Movement: The third movement is a minuet, a graceful and elegant dance form. It features the introduction of French horns in the trio section, adding a distinctive character to the music.
4. Fourth Movement: The final movement of the symphony incorporates dance figurations from the Roman saltarello and the Neapolitan tarantella, two popular Italian folk dances. It begins in a major key and concludes in the tonic minor, providing a dramatic and captivating finale.

The Italian Symphony showcases Mendelssohn’s skillful craftsmanship and his ability to capture the essence of Italy’s cultural and musical heritage. It stands as a testament to his deep admiration for the country and his desire to convey its vibrant spirit through his music.

Sources

1. Britannica – Italian Symphony
2. Wikipedia – Symphony No. 4 (Mendelssohn)
3. Interlude – The Composer at His Jolliest: Mendelssohn “Italian Symphony”

FAQs

What is the inspiration behind the name “Italian Symphony”?

The Italian Symphony is named so because it draws its inspiration from Felix Mendelssohn’s tour of Italy from 1829 to 1831. The composer’s experiences and impressions during his time in Italy served as the inspiration for capturing the essence of the country’s culture and musical traditions in this symphony.

When and where was the Italian Symphony composed?

Mendelssohn completed the Italian Symphony in Berlin on March 13, 1833. It was composed in response to an invitation from the London Philharmonic Society, and the first performance of the symphony was conducted by Mendelssohn himself in London on May 13, 1833.

How many movements are there in the Italian Symphony?

The Italian Symphony consists of four movements.

What is the structure of the Italian Symphony?

The Italian Symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and strings. The four movements are as follows:

• a. First Movement: A joyful movement in sonata form, capturing the lively spirit of an Italian urban scene.
• b. Second Movement: Depicts a religious procession in Naples, set in the subdominant minor key of D minor, conveying a solemn and reverent atmosphere.
• c. Third Movement: A minuet, a graceful and elegant dance form, featuring the introduction of French horns in the trio section.
• d. Fourth Movement: Incorporates dance figurations from the Roman saltarello and the Neapolitan tarantella, beginning in a major key and ending in the tonic minor, providing a dramatic finale.

What was Mendelssohn’s connection to Italy?

Mendelssohn had a deep love for Italy. He referred to it as “the supreme joy in life” and found great inspiration in its art, climate, and cultural heritage. His tour of Italy left a lasting impact on him, which he sought to express in the Italian Symphony.

What are the notable features of the Italian Symphony?

The Italian Symphony showcases Mendelssohn’s skillful craftsmanship and ability to evoke the vibrant spirit of Italy. It incorporates elements of Italian folk dance and captures the contrasting moods and imagery associated with Italian landscapes and religious processions.

How was the Italian Symphony received by audiences?

The Italian Symphony was well-received by audiences from its premiere and continues to be widely admired. Its lively and joyful character, along with its evocative depiction of Italy, has made it a beloved piece in the classical music repertoire.

How does the Italian Symphony reflect Mendelssohn’s musical style?

The Italian Symphony reflects Mendelssohn’s Romantic-era musical style, characterized by its melodic richness, expressive harmonies, and vivid orchestration. It showcases his ability to capture the essence of a specific time and place, in this case, the spirit and culture of Italy.